Gems and runes

Gems and runes go into sockets, and most of them can be upgraded in the Horadric Cube. Gems also make Gemwords, runes make Runewords.

Upgrading gems

Cube 2 identical gems to make 1 of the next grade.

All ingredients must be of the same kind.

To skip one grade, cube 4 identical ingredients, or cube 2 of one grade with 1 of the next grade.

The gems

Each gem comes in five grades, from lowest to highest.

Gem	Grades
Amber	Chipped Amber → Flawed Amber → Amber → Flawless Amber → Perfect Amber
Amethyst	Chipped Amethyst → Flawed Amethyst → Amethyst → Flawless Amethyst → Perfect Amethyst
Bloodstone	Chipped Bloodstone → Flawed Bloodstone → Bloodstone → Flawless Bloodstone → Perfect Bloodstone
Diamond	Chipped Diamond → Flawed Diamond → Diamond → Flawless Diamond → Perfect Diamond
Emerald	Chipped Emerald → Flawed Emerald → Emerald → Flawless Emerald → Perfect Emerald
Onyx	Chipped Onyx → Flawed Onyx → Onyx → Flawless Onyx → Perfect Onyx
Rainbow Stone	Chipped Rainbow Stone → Flawed Rainbow Stone → Rainbow Stone → Flawless Rainbow Stone → Perfect Rainbow Stone
Ruby	Chipped Ruby → Flawed Ruby → Ruby → Flawless Ruby → Perfect Ruby
Sapphire	Chipped Sapphire → Flawed Sapphire → Sapphire → Flawless Sapphire → Perfect Sapphire
Skull	Chipped Skull → Flawed Skull → Skull → Flawless Skull → Perfect Skull
Topaz	Chipped Topaz → Flawed Topaz → Topaz → Flawless Topaz → Perfect Topaz
Turquoise	Chipped Turquoise → Flawed Turquoise → Turquoise → Flawless Turquoise → Perfect Turquoise

Upgrading and downgrading runes

Cube 2 identical runes to make 1 of the next grade.

All ingredients must be of the same kind.

To skip one grade, cube 4 identical ingredients, or cube 2 of one grade with 1 of the next grade.

To downgrade, cube 1 rune on its own to receive 1 rune of the preceding grade, where listed.

The runes

In order, from the lowest rune to the highest.

#	Rune	Downgrades to	Upgrades to
1	El Rune	–	Eld Rune
2	Eld Rune	El Rune	Tir Rune
3	Tir Rune	Eld Rune	Nef Rune
4	Nef Rune	Tir Rune	Eth Rune
5	Eth Rune	Nef Rune	Ith Rune
6	Ith Rune	Eth Rune	Tal Rune
7	Tal Rune	Ith Rune	Ral Rune
8	Ral Rune	Tal Rune	Ort Rune
9	Ort Rune	Ral Rune	Thul Rune
10	Thul Rune	Ort Rune	Amn Rune
11	Amn Rune	Thul Rune	Sol Rune
12	Sol Rune	Amn Rune	Shael Rune
13	Shael Rune	Sol Rune	Dol Rune
14	Dol Rune	Shael Rune	Hel Rune
15	Hel Rune	Dol Rune	Io Rune
16	Io Rune	Hel Rune	Lum Rune
17	Lum Rune	Io Rune	Ko Rune
18	Ko Rune	Lum Rune	Fal Rune
19	Fal Rune	Ko Rune	Lem Rune
20	Lem Rune	Fal Rune	Pul Rune
21	Pul Rune	Lem Rune	Um Rune
22	Um Rune	Pul Rune	Mal Rune
23	Mal Rune	Um Rune	Ist Rune
24	Ist Rune	Mal Rune	Gul Rune
25	Gul Rune	Ist Rune	Vex Rune
26	Vex Rune	Gul Rune	Ohm Rune
27	Ohm Rune	Vex Rune	Lo Rune
28	Lo Rune	Ohm Rune	Sur Rune
29	Sur Rune	Lo Rune	Ber Rune
30	Ber Rune	Sur Rune	Jah Rune
31	Jah Rune	Ber Rune	Cham Rune
32	Cham Rune	Jah Rune	Zod Rune
33	Zod Rune	Cham Rune	Sha Rune
34	Sha Rune	Zod Rune	Lah Rune
35	Lah Rune	Sha Rune	Kur Rune
36	Kur Rune	Lah Rune	Ix Rune
37	Ix Rune	Kur Rune	Thur Rune
38	Thur Rune	Ix Rune	Nas Rune
39	Nas Rune	Thur Rune	Ath Rune
40	Ath Rune	Nas Rune	Kra Rune
41	Kra Rune	Ath Rune	Vith Rune
42	Vith Rune	Kra Rune	No Rune
43	No Rune	Vith Rune	Yul Rune
44	Yul Rune	No Rune	Thai Rune
45	Thai Rune	Yul Rune	Rha Rune
46	Rha Rune	Thai Rune	Xar Rune
47	Xar Rune	Rha Rune	Nih Rune
48	Nih Rune	Xar Rune	Lai Rune
49	Lai Rune	Nih Rune	On Rune
50	On Rune	Lai Rune	–

12 gems and 50 runes, as the in-game wiki of release 0.1.22 lists them.